Where in the Body Can You Find Chemoreceptors?
Nomenclature of Receptors by Stimulus
Sensory receptors are primarily classified as chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, or photoreceptors.
Learning Objectives
Differentiate amid the types of stimuli to which receptors respond
Cardinal Takeaways
Cardinal Points
- Chemoreceptors detect the presence of chemicals.
- Thermoreceptors detect changes in temperature.
- Mechanoreceptors detect mechanical forces.
- Photoreceptors detect light during vision.
- More specific examples of sensory receptors are baroreceptors, propioceptors, hygroreceptors, and osmoreceptors.
- Sensory receptors perform countless functions in our bodies mediating vision, hearing, taste, touch, and more.
Fundamental Terms
- photoreceptor: A specialized neuron able to detect and react to light.
- mechanoreceptor: Whatever receptor that provides an organism with data about mechanical changes in its surroundings such equally movement, tension, and pressure.
- baroreceptor: A nervus ending that is sensitive to changes in blood pressure.
Sensory receptors can be classified by the type of stimulus that generates a response in the receptor. Broadly, sensory receptors answer to one of four primary stimuli:
- Chemicals (chemoreceptors)
- Temperature (thermoreceptors)
- Pressure (mechanoreceptors)
- Low-cal (photoreceptors)
A schematic of the classes of sensory receptors: Sensory receptor cells differ in terms of morphology, location, and stimulus.
All sensory receptors rely on one of these iv capacities to detect changes in the surroundings, but may be tuned to detect specific characteristics of each to perform a specific sensory function. In some cases, the machinery of activity for a receptor is non clear. For case, hygroreceptors that respond to changes in humidity and osmoreceptors that respond to the osmolarity of fluids may do then via a mechanosensory mechanism or may detect a chemic feature of the environment.
Sensory receptors perform countless functions in our bodies. During vision, rod and cone photoreceptors reply to light intensity and colour. During hearing, mechanoreceptors in hair cells of the inner ear find vibrations conducted from the eardrum. During taste, sensory neurons in our taste buds detect chemical qualities of our foods including sugariness, bitterness, sourness, saltiness, and umami (savory sense of taste). During smell, olfactory receptors recognize molecular features of wafting odors. During bear on, mechanoreceptors in the skin and other tissues respond to variations in pressure.
Classification of Sensory Receptors
Adequate Stimulus
Adequate stimulus can be used to allocate sensory receptors. A sensory receptor's adequate stimulus is the stimulus modality for which it possesses the acceptable sensory transduction apparatus.
| Sensory receptors with respective stimuli to which they respond. | |
|---|---|
| Receptor | Stimulus |
| Apmullae of Lorenzini (primarily function as electroreceptors) | Electric fields, salinity, and temperature |
| Baroreceptors | Pressure in blood vessels |
| Chemo receptors | Chemic stimuli |
| Electromagnetic radiation receptors | Electromagnetic radiation |
| Electroreceptors | Electrofields |
| Hydroreceptors | Humidity |
| Infrared receptors | Infrared radiations |
| Magnetoreceptors | Magnetic fields |
| Mechanoreceptors | Mechanical stress or strain |
| Nociceptors | Impairment or threat of damage to body tissues (leads to pain perception) |
| Osmoreceptors | Osmolarity of fluids |
| Photoreceptors | Visible light |
| Proprioceptors | Sense of position |
| Thermoreceptors | Temperature |
| Ultraviolet receptors | Ultraviolet radiation |
Location
Sensory receptors can be classified by location:
- Cutaneous receptors are sensory receptors found in the dermis or epidermis.
- Muscle spindles incorporate mechanoreceptors that detect stretch in muscles.
Morphology
Somatic sensory receptors nigh the surface of the skin can usually exist divided into 2 groups based on morphology:
- Free nervus endings narrate the nociceptors and thermoreceptors.
- Encapsulated receptors consist of the remaining types of cutaneous receptors. Encapsulation exists for specialized functioning.
Rate of Adaptation
A tonic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts slowly to a stimulus, while a phasic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts quickly to a stimulus.
Classification of Receptors past Location
Some sensory receptors can be classified by the physical location of the receptor.
Learning Objectives
Differentiate amid sensory receptors by location
Fundamental Takeaways
Key Points
- Sensory receptors that share a common location often share a related function.
- Sensory receptors code 4 aspects of a stimulus: modality (or blazon), intensity, location, and duration.
- Cutaneous touch receptors and muscle spindle receptors are both mechanoreceptors, but they differ in location.
Fundamental Terms
- cutaneous bear on receptor: A type of sensory receptor found in the dermis or epidermis of the skin.
- muscle spindle: Sensory receptors within the belly of a musculus that primarily detect changes in the length of this muscle.
Types of Receptors
As we be in the earth, our bodies are tasked with receiving, integrating, and interpreting environmental inputs that provide information about our internal and external environments. Our brains ordinarily receive sensory stimuli from our visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, and somatosensory systems.
Remarkably, specialized receptors take evolved to transmit sensory inputs from each of these sensory systems. Sensory receptors code four aspects of a stimulus:
- Modality (or type)
- Intensity
- Location
- Duration
Receptors are sensitive to discrete stimuli and are often classified by both the systemic office and the location of the receptor.
Sensory receptors are found throughout our bodies, and sensory receptors that share a mutual location oftentimes share a common function. For example, sensory receptors in the retina are almost entirely photoreceptors. Our skin includes impact and temperature receptors, and our inner ears contain sensory mechanoreceptors designed for detecting vibrations caused past sound or used to maintain balance.
Forcefulness -sensitive mechanoreceptors provide an example of how the placement of a sensory receptor plays a part in how our brains procedure sensory inputs. While the cutaneous impact receptors found in the dermis and epidermis of our skin and the muscle spindles that detect stretch in skeletal muscle are both mechanoreceptors, they serve discrete functions.
In both cases, the mechanoreceptors find physical forces that result from the movement of the local tissue, cutaneous impact receptors provide information to our brain about the external environment, while musculus spindle receptors provide data almost our internal environs.
Musculus spindle: Mammalian muscle spindle showing typical position in a muscle (left), neuronal connections in spinal cord (heart), and an expanded schematic (correct). The spindle is a stretch receptor with its own motor supply consisting of several intrafusal musculus fibers. The sensory endings of a primary (group Ia) afferent and a secondary (group Ii) afferent ringlet around the non-contractile primal portions of the intrafusal fibers.
Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/sensory-receptors/
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